Diagnosis

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A list of all possible diagnoses a patient may have, grouped by department.


Emergency[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis Description
Ankle contusion A contusion, also known as a bruise, is a region of injured tissue usually with purple discoloration.
Arm contusion A contusion, also known as a bruise, is a region of injured tissue usually with purple discoloration.
Athlete's foot Athlete's foot, also called Tinea pedis, is a highly contagious skin infection of the feet caused by fungi.
Bacterial tonsillitis Bacterial tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils. The most common bacterial tonsillitis is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, and is known as 'strep throat'.
Beef tapeworm Beef tapeworms (T. saginata) are parasitic flatworms living in the digestive system of humans. Cattle act as intermediate hosts when they consume fodder or water contaminated with human feces. Eating undercooked beef can cause infection.
Bronchitis Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lower airways called bronchi and is usually caused by virus.
Chest contusion A contusion, also known as a bruise, is a region of injured tissue usually with purple discoloration.
Chickenpox Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with Varicella zoster virus. The disease results in a characteristic skin rash that forms small, itchy blisters, which eventually scab over.
Chronic fatigue syndrome Chronic fatigue syndrome is very complicated disease that refers to a condition of fatigue that can not be explained by any underlying medical condition.
Common cold The common cold is a viral infection located to the upper respiratory system, usually the nose or throat.
Contact dermatitis Contact dermatitis is a localized rash or irritation of the skin caused by contact to an allergen or irritant.
Foot Contusion A contusion, also known as a bruise, is a region of injured tissue usually with purple discoloration.
Golfer’s Elbow Golfer's elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis, is characterized by radiating pain from the inside of the elbow to the wrist. The condition is caused by performing repetitive movements resulting in irritation of the muscles and tendons responsible for said movements.
Hand Contusion A contusion, also known as a bruise, is a region of injured tissue usually with purple discoloration.
Hay Fever Hay fever, medically known as allergic rhinitis, is an inflammation in the nose caused by an allergic reaction to an allergen in the air, such as pollen.
Influenza Influenza, commonly known as 'the flu', is a common infectious disease caused by the influenza virus family.
Influenza B Influenza B is caused by the Influenza B virus, responsible for seasonal outbreaks of Influenza infection in humans.
Insomnia Insomnia is defined as a subjective experience of bad sleep. This can be due to the inability to fall asleep, sleep continuously throughout the night or waking up too early.
Iron-Deficiency Anemia Anemia is defined as a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen. This can be caused by a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia.
Lactose Intolerance Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk products. Undigested lactose can result in bloating, diarrhea, gas or abdominal pain.
Laryngitis Laryngitis refers to inflammation of the voice box. It can be caused by bacteria or virus, but also because of excessive voice use.
Leg Contusion A contusion, also known as a bruise, is a region of injured tissue usually with purple discoloration.
Nail Fungus Nail fungus, also called Onychomycosis or Tinea unguium, is a fungal infection that affects fingers or toenails.
Pharyngitis Pharyngitis refers to inflammation of the throat and can be caused by bacteria or virus.
Pork Tapeworm Pork tapeworms (T. solium) are parasitic flatworms living in the digestive system of humans. Pigs act as intermediate hosts when they consume fodder or water contaminated with human feces. Eating undercooked pork can cause infection.
Raynaud’s Syndrome Raynaud's syndrome causes numbness and coldness of hands, fingers and toes as response to cold outdoor temperatures.
Scoliosis Scoliosis is a sideway curvature of the spine usually in a C or S shape. Scoliosis is usually painless.
Shingles Shingles is an infection caused by a reactivation of varicella-zoster virus. The disease results in a red skin rash that forms small blisters in a wide stripe following the course of a dermatome. Shingles can be extremely painful.
Sinusitis Sinusitis refers to inflammation of one or more sinuses. Sinusitis causes swelling and can compromise drainage of mucus or pus from the involved sinus cavity.
Viral Tonsillitis Viral tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils and can be caused by several viral agents.

General Surgery[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis Description
Acute Renal Failure Acute renal failure refers to an abrupt loss of kidney function, effectively seizing the ability to filter the blood and produce urine. The causes can be many, but are usually due to extensive tissue damage or decreased kidney blood flow.
Appendicitis Appendicitis refers to infection in the appendix, which becomes obstructed and swollen. A ruptured appendix can be fatal and thus appendicitis is one of the most common reasons for abdominal surgery.
Bacterial gastroenteritis Bacterial gastroenteritis is common gastrointestinal disease, in most cases lasting a few days.
Blunt pancreas laceration Blunt pancreas laceration is caused by impact, injury or physical attack, but with no presence of an open wound.
Blunt spleen rupture Blunt spleen rupture is caused by impact, injury or physical attack, but with no presence of an open wound.
Calculus in bladder Bladder stones can be formed in the bladder due to a mineralization of concentrated urine. There will only be symptoms if the flow of urine is compromised.
Calculus of ureter Kidney stones, also known as urolithiasis, are usually concretions of calcium. Even though the stones usually pass on their own through the urinary tract, they can sometimes get stuck in the ureter, which is an extremely painful condition.
Campylobacteriosis Campylobacteriosis refers to a common infection caused most commonly by Campylobacter jejuni. It is often a food-borne illness.
Cholangitis Cholangitis is an infection of the bile duct usually caused by bacteria ascending from the duodenum. It occurs usually when the bile duct is already partially blocked by gallstones.
Cholecystitis Cholecystitis is inflammation and infection of the gallbladder, usually due to blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone.
Chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease refers to a gradual loss of kidney function. The most common cause is untreated diabetes mellitus.
Cirrhosis Cirrhosis describes a condition where the liver is malfunctioning due to long-term damage; normal liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue.
Coeliac disease Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system reacts to dietary gluten present in wheat, rye and barley. The reaction causes inflammation in the small intestines and thus malabsorption of nutrients.
Crohn's disease Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the entire intestine. The exact cause is unknown, however, it is evident that there are genetic, environmental and autoimmune components.
Duodenitis Doudenitis is an inflammation of the lining of the duodenum; the first part of the small intestine, which is 12 inches long and curved into the C-shape.
Esophageal varices Esophageal varices are abnormally enlarged veins within the esophagus. They are usually caused by portal hypertension due to existing liver disease.
Esophagitis Esophagitis is an inflammation of the oesophageal lining, often caused by acid reflux.
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic insufficiency occurs when the gland is damaged enough to seize functioning sufficiently. Normal absorption of nutrients in the small intestine is thus compromised resulting in nutritional deficiencies.
Fistula of the intestine A fistula is an abnormal anatomical connection between two hollow spaces.
Gallstones Gallstones, also called cholelithiasis, are concretions of usually made from bilirubin, bile acids and calcium formed in the gall bladder. Gallstones usually do not cause symptoms, however, if they block the bile duct they can cause a variety of serious conditions.
Gastritis Gastritis is an inflammation or erosion of the stomach's lining. It is caused by; bad nutrition, excessive alcohol use, or excessive use of some medications. Treatment consists of protone pump inhibitors and discontinuation of alcohol or drugs that cause the symptoms.
Glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation of the filtering unit of the kidneys. It can be caused by an infection or autoimmunity.
Grave's disease Grave's disease is an endocrine disease where the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones in excess.
H. pylori infection Helicobacter pylori is a bacteria present in the upper gastrointestinal tract. It is the main cause of peptic ulcers.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system gradually destroys the thyroid gland.
Hepatic fibrosis Hepatic fibrosis represents an accumulation of scar tissue in the liver. The scar tissue can be the result of long term inflammation or another liver disease caused by viruses, bacterias, malnutrition or alcohol abuse etc. If left untreated it causes cirrhosis.
HUS Hemolytic uremic syndrome refers to the condition when small blood vessels in kidneys become damaged and inflamed. In most cases an infection of Escherichia coli is responsible.
Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is a disease where the thyroid gland functions inadequately and produces too little thyroid hormone.
Interstitial cystitis Interstitial cystitis is also called painful bladder syndrome.
Interstitial nephritis Interstitial nephritis is an inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidneys. It can be caused by an infection or as an adverse reaction to medication.
Irritable bowel syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome is chronic gastrointestinal disorder demanding a long term treatment approach. It is not contagious. Diet modification and medicine can usually relieve symptoms.
Kidney stones Kidney stones, also known as urolithiasis, are usually concretions of calcium. Even though the stones usually pass on their own through the urinary tract, it is an extremely painful condition.
Liver contusion Liver contusion happens due to physical trauma to the upper abdomen.
Liver laceration Liver laceration occurs when an object pierces the tissue of the body and tears the liver.
Pancreas contusion Pancreas contusion happens due to physical trauma to the upper abdomen.
Pancreatitis Pancreatitis refers to inflammation of the pancreas. It is usually caused by gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol abuse.
Penetrated pancreas laceration Penetrated pancreas laceration happens when an object pierces the skin of upper abdomen, causing an open wound and pancreas damage.
Penetrated spleen rupture Penetrated spleen rupture happens when an object pierces the skin of upper abdomen, causing an open wound and spleen damage.
Peptic ulcer disease A peptic ulcer is an open lesion in the lining of the stomach, duodenum or esophagus. It is most commonly caused by the bacterium h. pylori or prolonged, excessive use of NSAIDs'
Primary peritonitis Primary peritonitis is a bacterial infection of the peritoneum; a membrane covering the inner abdominal wall and organs within the abdominal cavity. Left untreated the condition is almost always fatal.
Pyelonephritis Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, usually due to ascending bacteria spreading up through the urinary tract.
Renal contusion Renal contusion refers to bruising of the kidney (latin: ren) after a direct impact to the upper lower back.
Renal laceration Renal laceration occurs when an object pierces the tissue of the body and tears the kidney.
Spleen contusion Spleen contusion refers to bruising of the spleen after a direct impact to the upper abdomen.
Ulcerative colitis Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that produces ulcers in the large intestine. The exact cause is unknown, however, it is evident that there are genetic, environmental and autoimmune components.
Urinary tract infection UTF, or cystitis, is an infection of the bladder usually by E. coli; a type of bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is a condition a hundred times more common in women due to a shorter urinary tract.

Internal Medicine[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis Description
Acute mastoiditis Mastoiditis refers to an infection and inflammation of the mastoid cells located in the mastoid process in the temporal bone (beneath the ear).
Amoebiasis Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, the infection spreads through water or food contaminated by feces.
Asbestosis Asbestosis refers to a condition that is caused by microscopic asbestos mineral deposits in the lungs.
ASOM Acute suppurative otitis media is a very painful infection of the middle ear.
Aspergillosis Aspergillosis is a respiratory disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus. If the patient has a weakened immune system, the invasive form of the disease spreads through the lungs. Infected lungs must undergo pulmonary surgery to clear the infection.
Asthma Asthma refers to a condition where the airways narrow, swell and produce extra mucus. It is a chronic respiratory disease and symptoms may vary from person to person and can be due to allergy.
Atopic dermatitis Atopic dermatitis or eczema refers to a condition that makes skin reddish and itchy. It is chronic skin disease.
Bronchiectasis Bronchiectasis is a condition where the large airways in the lungs are damaged and enlarged.
Bronchopneumonia Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia mainly affecting the bronchi.
Cellulitis Cellulitis is a common bacterial infection of the skin caused mostly by streptococci and staphylococci species.
Chlorine gas poisoning Chlorine gas poisoning is a condition resulting from the inhalation of chlorine gas.
Cholesteatoma Cholesteatoma is an noncancerous skin growth, often caused by repeated middle ear infections.
Chylothorax Chylothorax refers to a condition when lymphatic fluid is accumulated in the pleural space.
Ciguatera Ciguatera fish poisoning, also known as ciguatera is a food-borne disease caused by ingestion of fish flesh contaminated by certain toxins.
CO poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs from inhaling too much carbon monoxide.
COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - COPD is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that results in obstructed airways in the lungs.
Croup Croup is also known as laryngotracheobronchitis and it is usually caused by a virus, rarely by a bacterial infection.
Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that results in serious damage to the lungs due to recurrent pneumonias. Cystic fibrosis also results in a decreased uptake of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract.
Diabetes Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect the metabolism of glucose. There are many types of diabetes, but generally there are too high levels of glucose in the blood.
Emphysema Emphysema refers to a condition when the alveoli - the air sacs - are damaged or destroyed, causing shortness of breath, even in states of relaxation.
Essential thrombocythemia Essential thrombocythemia refers to an uncommon condition when patient's body produces much more platelets than necessary.
Giardiasis Giardia infection is one of the most common waterborne intestinal infections. Giardias can be transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or by ingesting contaminated food.
Hemolytic anemia Hemolytic anemia happens due to hemolysis, an abnormal breakdown of red blood cells in the blood vessels or elsewhere in the human body.
Hemophilia Hemophilia is an inherited disease that causes low levels of clotting factors. Without sufficient levels of clotting factors, the blood does not clot properly which leads to excessive bleeding.
Hemothorax Hemothorax is an accumulation of blood within the pleural cavity and is commonly caused by a chest injury.
Histoplasmosis Histoplasmosis also called Cave Disease is respiratory disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma Capsulatum that mainly affects the lungs. Symptoms vary greatly. Past infection creates partial immunity.
Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis is usually caused by EBV - Epstein-Barr Virus - people usually get infected in their childhood. There is no vaccine for the disease. In the 1920's it was described as "the kissing disease".
Lead poisoning Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by the accumulation of lead in the body.
Lung contusion Blunt injury or physical trauma to the chest by either by impact or physical attack resulting in pulmonary contusion.
Lupus Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease. It is very difficult to diagnose.
Meniere's disease Meniere's disease is an inner ear disorder that is characterized by a vertigo with unclear cause.
Methanol poisoning Methanol ingestion leads to an uncommon poisoning that can cause severe metabolic disturbances, blindness, permanent neurological dysfunction and death.
Miliaria Miliaria, also called "sweat rash", is a skin disease, common in hot and humid conditions.
Nasal polyp Nasal polyp is a non-cancerous growth in the nasal cavity.
Otitis externa Otitis externa is the inflammation of the outer part of the ear canal, it is caused mostly by bacteria.
Otitis media Otitis media with effusion is a condition where fluid is present in the middle ear due to infection or inflammation following an infection. It usually affects children.
Otorrhea Otorrhea is basically an inflammation of the ear.
Otosclerosis Otosclerosis refers to abnormal hardening of the bone tissue near the middle ear causing inability to transfer sounds from the middle ear to the inner ear; resulting in loss of hearing.
Parapneumonic effucion Parapneumonic effusion refers to a condition that arises as a result of pneumonia, bronchiectasis or a lung abscess.
Pleural empyema Pleural empyema refers to an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity, caused by a bacterial infection.
Pleurisy Pleurisy refers to a condition when the membranes surrounding lungs become inflamed.
Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Pneumonia can either be mild or life threatening.
Pneumothorax Collapsed lung, also called pneumothorax, occurs when air escapes the lung, filling the space between the lung and the chest wall, preventing expansion of the affected lung.
Poison ivy rash Poison ivy rash is an allergic reaction to resin urushiol that is located in the leaves, stems and roots of poison ivy, oak and sumac.
Pulmonary NTMB infection Pulmonary mycobacterial infection of non-tuberculous type of disease caused by other species of mycobacterium and it is relatively common. Often occuring in immunoincompetent patients or in patients with preexisting pulmonary disease, but also in healthy patients.
Salmonellosis Salmonella infection is one one of the common bacterial infection that affects the human intestinal tract. Humans become infected by ingesting contaminated water or food.
Sarcoidosis - Eye Sarcoidosis is the growth of granulomas (clustered inflammatory cells) in the eyes. Most likely it is due to an abnormal immune reaction to some agents. There is no cure, but with supporting medicine the disease progression can be halted.
Sarcoidosis - Heart Sarcoidosis is the growth of granulomas (clustered inflammatory cells) in the heart. Most likely it is due to an abnormal immune reaction to some agents. There is no cure, but with supporting medicine the disease progression can be halted.
Sarcoidosis - Lungs Sarcoidosis is the growth of granulomas (clustered inflammatory cells) in the lungs. Most likely it is due to an abnormal immune reaction to some agents. There is no cure, but with supporting medicine the disease progression can be halted.
Simple chronic bronchitis Chronic bronchitis refers to a productive long-lasting cough along with constant irritation of the bronchial lining.
Tension pneumothorax Tension pneumothorax occurs mostly in clinical situations such as ventilation, resuscitation or in people with lung disease.
Thalassaemia Thalassaemia is an inherited blood disorder with the formation of abnormal hemoglobin that binds oxygen less efficiently and makes the red blood cell out of shape.
Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia represents a condition with significantly lower level of blood platelets, that are responsible for stopping bleeding by clumping and forming clots.

Orthopaedy[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis Description
ACL injury The Anterior Cruciate Ligament, is a ligament located inside the knee joint that prevents forward displacement between the leg bones. Injury to this ligament is common in sports and is caused by abnormal inward rotation.
Acute osteomyelitis Acute osteomyelitis is a bacterial infection of the bone. It can develop into chronic osteomyelitis which is very difficult to treat.
Ankle fracture Fracture of one or more bones of the ankle, without damage to the surrounding tissues.
Ankle sprain A sprain is a condition where a ligament surrounding a joint is taken beyond its functional range of motion, causing tears and sometimes to complete rupture of the affected ligaments.
Broken ribs Simple fracture of one or more ribs with no damage to surrounding tissues or breaking of the skin.
Carpal tunnel syndrome A condition where the median nerve in the wrist is compressed by the surrounding structures when passing through the tunnel near the base of the wrist. Pain and a sleeping sensation of the hand are the main symptoms.
Cervical spondylosis Cervical spondylosis is a degeneration of the cervical spine frmo any cause. Often it is synonymous with age-related wear and tear causing spinal osteoarthritis.
Complicated fracture of femur Complicated fracture consists of open wound, dislocated fractured bone and various fragments of broken bone. The femur is the bone in the thigh.
Complicated fracture of humerus Complicated fracture consists of open wound, dislocated fractured bone and various fragments of broken bone. Humerus is the bone in the upper arm.
Complicated fracture of ulna Complicated fracture consists of open wound, dislocated fractured bone and various fragments of broken bone. Ulna is one of the two bones in the forearm.
Cubital tunnel syndrome Cubital tunnel syndrome is caused by the compression of the ulnar nerve in the elbow area.
Deep wound on arm A bleeding deep, smooth or jagged wound. It needs suturing.
Deep wound on feet A bleeding deep, smooth or jagged wound. It needs suturing.
Deep wound on hand A bleeding deep, smooth or jagged wound. It needs suturing.
Deep wound on leg A bleeding deep, smooth or jagged wound. It needs suturing..
Dermatomyositis Dermatomyositis is chronic progressive inflammation of the muscles. Symptoms are usually a skin rash and increased muscle weakness over time.
Dislocated ankle Joint dislocation, also known as luxation, is a condition where the bones connected by a joint are abnormally separated. Damage to the adjacent tissue is common.
Elbow bursitis A bursae is a small fluid filled sac which acts as a cushion between bone and areas prone to friction. Bursitis refers to swelling of said sac caused by inflammation.
Fracture of finger Fracture of one or more of the finger bones, without damage to the surrounding tissues.
Hand bursitis A bursae is a small fluid filled sac which acts as a cushion between bone and areas prone to friction. Bursitis refers to swelling of said sac caused by inflammation'
Hip osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is a condition where cartilage slowly degenerates and deformities arise in the affected joint. Hip osteoarthritis typically makes walking painful and cumbersome.
Inclusion-body myositis Inclusion-body myositis is chronic progressive inflammation and weakening of the muscles. It is most apparent the finger flexor and knee extensor muscles.
Knee bursitis A bursae is a small fluid filled sac which acts as a cushion between bone and areas prone to friction. Bursitis refers to swelling of said sac caused by inflammation.
Knee dislocation Joint dislocation, also known as luxation, is a condition where the bones connected by a joint are abnormally separated. Damage to the adjacent tissue is common.
Knee osteoarthritis Knee Osteoarthritis is one of the most common types of arthritis. A slow degradation of the knee cartilage causes pain when walking and stiffness of the joint.
Knee sprain A sprain is a condition where a ligament surrounding a joint is taken beyond its functional range of motion, causing tears and sometimes to complete rupture of the affected ligaments.
Mandibular fracture Fracture of the jaw. Often includes a break in two places. Usually causes decreased ability to open the mouth fully.
Metatarsal bones fracture Fracture of one or more metatarsal bones, without damage to the surrounding tissues.
Nasal fracture Simple fracture of one or more nasal bones with some bleeding present.
Open fracture of femur Open fracture, also called compound fracture, is a fracture resulting in an open wound, cause by the dislocated bone, often with bone protruding through the wound. The femur is the bone in the thigh.
Open fracture of humerus Open fracture, also called compound fracture, is a fracture resulting in an open wound, cause by the dislocated bone, often with bone protruding through the wound. Humerus is the bone in the upper arm.
Open fracture of tibia Open fracture, also called compound fracture, is a fracture resulting in an open wound, cause by the dislocated bone, often with bone protruding through the wound. Tibia is the large bone in the lower leg.
Open fracture of ulna Open fracture, also called compound fracture, is a fracture resulting in an open wound, cause by the dislocated bone, often with bone protruding through the wound. Ulna is one of the two bones in the forearm.
Osteomalacia Osteomalacia, known as Rickets if it occurs in childhood, refers to a condition where the bones soften due to impaired bone metabolism.
Polymyositis Polymyositis is chronic progressive inflammation and weakening of the muscles. It begins with weakness in the muscles closest to the body trunk from where it spreads.
Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting various joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest.
Shaft fracture of clavicle Fracture of the clavicle with dislocation of part of the fractured bone.
Shoulder dislocation Joint dislocation, also known as luxation, is a condition where the bones connected by a joint are abnormally separated. Damage to the adjacent tissue is common.
Shoulder sprain A sprain is a condition where a ligament surrounding a joint is taken beyond its functional range of motion, causing tears and sometimes to complete rupture of the affected ligaments.
Simple fracture of clavicle Fracture of the clavicle without damage to the surrounding tissues or breaking of the skin.
Simple fracture of femur Fracture of the femur, the bone in the thigh, without damage to the surrounding tissues or breaking of the skin.
Simple fracture of fibula Fracture of fibula, the thin bone in the lower leg, without damage to the surrounding tissues or breaking of the skin.
Simple fracture of humerus Fracture of humerus, the bone in the upper arm, without damage to the surrounding tissues or breaking of the skin.
Simple fracture of radius Fracture of radius, one of the two bones in the forearm, without damage to the surrounding tissues or breaking of the skin.
Simple fracture of tibia Fracture of tibia, the large bone in the lower leg, without damage to the surrounding tissues or breaking of the skin.
Simple fracture of ulna Fracture of ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm, without damage to the surrounding tissues or breaking of the skin.
Spinal stenosis Spinal stenosis refers to an abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal, which affects the spinal cord or nerve roots. It causes pain, discomfort and loss of mobility usually in the limbs corresponding to the level of the stenosis.
Spiral fracture of tibia Special spiral fracture of tibia bone, with no damage to surrounding tissues.
Spondylolisthesis Spondylolisthesis refers to a displaced vertebrae. Several conditions can cause spondylolisthesis; degenerative changes, trauma, congenital abnormalities, malignancy etc.
Spondylolysis Spondylolysis is a defect, crack or stress fracture in one of the vertebrae, typically in the L5-S1 level. The condition can be painful.
Tennis elbow Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, is characterized by radiating pain from the outside of the elbow to the wrist. The condition is caused by performing repetitive movement and, thus, irritation of the muscles and tendons associated with said movement.

Cardiology[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis Description
Acute rheumatic fever Acute rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease affecting the heart, muscles, joints and the brain. Usually it develops after a simple streptococcal infection of the throat.
Angina pectoris Angina pectoris refers to chest pain caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle. Angina pectoris is often one of the symptoms of coronary artery disease.
Aortic rupture Traumatic aortic rupture is a condition where the aorta, the largest artery in the body, ruptures as a result of aortic disease (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection) or trauma to the body. The condition is frequently fatal due to the massive bleeding that results from the rupture.
Atherosclerosis - Carotides Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaques are built up inside the carotid arteries of the body (the large arteries running from the aorta to the head), hardening and narrowing them, thereby reducing the flow of blood. It could be asymptomatic for decades, symptoms often appear when arteries become more than 50% blocked.
Cardiac blunt injury Cardiac blunt injury is physical trauma to a chest area, resulting in a trauma to the heart.
CHF Congestive heart failure where the heart loses its ability to pump a sufficient amount of blood into the body.
Dilated cardiomyopathy Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition where the heart becomes severely enlarged, reducing the ability of the heart to pump, making the heart unable to effectively pump a sufficient amount of blood into the bloodstream.
Endocarditis Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart. Often the infection arises from bacterial colonization of diseased valves of the heart'
Flail chest Flail chest is a life-threatening condition that occurs when a segment of the rib cage breaks due to trauma and moves independently of the rest of the chest wall/ribs during breathing.
Giant cells arteritis Giant cells arteritis is an inflammation of the arterial lining, mainly in the temporal arteries on the side of the head.
HHD with heart failure Hypertensive heart disease refers to multiple complications related to high blood pressure that affects the heart and can result in heart failure.
Hypertensive renal disease Hypertensive renal disease refers to an increase in systemic blood pressure due to kidney injury or disease.
IHD with heart failure Ischaemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, is large group of cardiovascular diseases caused by the atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that can result in heart failure.
Mitral stenosis Mitral valve stenosis is a narrowing of the heart's mitral valve, that causes improper opening of the valve and thereby the blood flow through the valve is reduced.
Mitral valve prolapse Mitral valve prolapse is a condition where the heart's mitral valve bulges into the left atrium during the contraction of the left ventricle. This is usually following an acute myocardial infarction affecting the attachment of the valve in the left ventricle.
Myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the myocardium (the muscle tissue of the heart) is blocked. The affected muscle tissue can die and the patient is also at high risk of dying.
Myocarditis Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart's muscle, also known as myocardium, affecting the ability of the heart to pump blood properly and also the heart's electrical system, potentially giving rise to different arrhythmiaes (irregular and abnormal heart rythms).
PAD Peripheral artery disease is caused by a reduced blood flow to the upper or lower limbs due to narrowed arteries, often from artherosclerotic disease.
Pericarditis Pericarditis refers to condition where the thin membrane, or sac, surrounding the heart is inflamed.
Portal vein thrombosis Portal vein thrombosis refers to a condition where the portal vein (the large vein from the intestines to the liver) is blocked by blood clot.
Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism refers to a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries. The embolism often comes from a dislodged deep venous thrombosis.
Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary hypertension is hypertension in the arteries from the heart to the lungs. Pulmonary hypertension often happens due to large or many small pulmonary emboli (blood clots in the lungs).
Stroke Stroke occurs when the blood supply to an area of the brain is interrupted or severely reduced, resulting in the death (necrosis) of brain tissue in the affected area.
Thoracic aortic aneurysm Thoracic aortic aneurysm refers is a condition where the part of the aorta in the chest cavity is dilated (becomes like a balloon). The aneurysm can rupture and lead to immediate death.
Thrombophlebitis Thrombophlebitis is condition where the inflammation of veins result in the formation of a blood clot that blocks one or more veins.
Traumatic cardiac arrest Traumatic cardiac arrest is a condition where the heart has ceased to beat due to blunt or penetrating trauma, such as a stab wound hitting the heart. It is a surgical emergency which will always result in death without immediate surgical care.
Tricuspid regurgitation Improper closening of the heart's tricuspid valve, resulting in the regurgitation of blood (blood is pumped backwards, the wrong direction, because the valve can't close properly).

Neurology[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis Description
Angle-closure glaucoma Acute angle-closure glaucoma is caused by sudden and rapid increase of the intraocular pressure.
Blepharitis Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelid.
Botulism Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by toxins produced by bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
Cerebral contusion Cerebral contusion is a traumatic brain injury usually due to blunt head trauma.
CIPD Chronic inflammatory demyelinizating polyneuropathy is an immune inflammatory disease affecting peripheral nervous system by destructing the cover sheet that protect and insulate the nerves and fibres.
Cluster headache Cluster headaches are extremely painful headaches, often with crying and a dripping nose, that only occur on one side of the head.
Concussion A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury resulting in temporary altered mental state and/or loss of function.
Conjunctivitis (allergic) Conjunctivitis known as "Pink eye" is an inflammatory disease of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye.
Conjunctivitis (bacterial) Conjunctivitis known as "Pink eye" is an inflammatory disease of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye.
Corneal abrasion Corneal abrasion - known also as scratched eye is one of the most common eye injuries, when foreign obstacles scratches the eye and produce discomfort and related symptoms.
CRVO Central retinal vein occlusion is one of the common vascular disorders of the eye's retina.
Diffuse axonal injury Diffuse axonal injury is one of the most common head traumas, it occurs when the brain shifts too quickly inside the skull.
Encephalitis Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain, most commonly caused by an autoimmune reaction or viruses.
Guillain-Barre syndrome Guillain-Barre syndrome is a serious disease where the immune system attacks its own nervous system.
Hypertensive retinopathy Hypertensive retinopathy is damage to the retina and retina’s blood vessels due to high blood pressure.
Keratitis - bacterial Keratitis is an inflammatory disease, mostly caused by bacteria, of the cornea - the clear dome surface of the eye.
Migraine Migraine is a severe, painful headache with or without aura.
Neuromyelitis optica Neuromyelitis optica is an auto-immune disease where the immune system attacks the eye nerves and the spinal cord. A condition that is often seen because of multiple sclerosis.
Open-angle glaucoma Glaucoma is a disease that results in damage to the optic nerve, because of high pressure inside the eye .
PCF PCF - Pharyngoconjunctival fever refers to a condition mostly caused by Human mastadenovirus B, that causes small outbreaks mostly between young people in collectives. The disease affects pharynx and eyes.
Penetrating trauma - Head Penetrating head injury is an injury in which the dura mater, the outer layer of the meninges, is breached.
Pneumococcal meningitis Pneumococcal meningitis is an inflammation of membranes covering the spinal cord and brain due to the pneumococcal infection.
Scleritis Scleritis refers to inflammation of the sclera of the eye.
Staphylococcal meningitis Staphylococcal meningitis is an inflammation of membranes covering the spinal cord and brain due to the staphylococcal infection.
Subdural hematoma Subdural hematoma is a condition where veins in the subdural space are torn and start to bleed. Blood accumulates in the narrow space which increases the pressure inside the skull cavity. The condition is often fatal if left untreated.
Tetanus Tetanus is a serious bacterial disease affecting the nervous system.
TIA TIA - Transient ischemic attack is similar to a stroke, but usually lasts up to 24h and causes no permanent damage.
Traumatic brain injury Occurs when an external force injures the brain. It can be caused by accidents or blunt trauma.
Uveitis Uveitis refers to inflammation of the part of the eye called the uvea. The uvea includes the iris and some adjacent structures.

Infectious diseases[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis Description
Acute Hepatitis E Hepatitis E is an inflammation of the liver caused by Hepatitis E virus. Transmission is similar to Hepatitis A, but the viruses are unrelated.
African Tick Bite Fever African tick bite fever - ATBF is a bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia africae, spread by ticks.
American trypanosomias American trypanosomias also known as Chagas disease is serious infectious disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. If left untreated, it can lead to serious heart and digestive complications.
Anaplasmosis Anaplasmosis is caused by bacteria Anaplasmosis phagocytophilum that is spread by ticks.
Babesiosis Babesiosis is parasitic disease caused by the parasite Babesia. It is comparable to malaria. It spreads through ticks and often presents with Lyme disease.
Boutonneuse Fever Boutonneuse fever is a fever caused by rickettsial infection caused by Rickettsia conorii and it is transmitted by the dog tick.
Brucellosis Brucellosis is a highly contagious disease caused by Brucella species bacteria and it is spread by ingestion of unpasterized milk or undercooked meat.
Bubonic Plague Bubonic plague is one of the three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis. Bubonic plague is spread by infected fleas living on small animals. It is specific in its infection of lymph nodes, that become extremely swollen.
C. Difficile Infection Clostridium difficile infection is caused by toxin-producing bacteria. It can be fatal.
Cat-scratch disease Cat-scratch disease is a common infectious disease caused by Bartonella henselae. It is transmitted by cats, through the cat’s scratch or bite. Presence of the bacteria in humans is hard to detect by traditional bacterial cultivation because growth takes up to 6 weeks.

Chikungunya Chikungunya virus infection is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. There is no vaccine.
Cholera Cholera is a bacterial disease that usually spread through contaminated water. Modern sewage and water treatment eliminated cholera in industrialized countries.
Colorado Tick Fever Viral infection spread by Rocky Mountain wood tick, symptoms are very similar to Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Covid-19 COVID-19 is the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and causes a respiratory infection. First identified in Wu-han, China in December 2019, the disease spread world-wide, causing the biggest pandemic since the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic.
Dengue Fever Dengue fever is a tropical disease transmitted by infected mosquito’s bite.
Ebola Ebola virus disease is a deadly viral hemorrhagic fever. It is caused by ebolaviruses, spread by direct contact with infected body fluids.
Ehrlichiosis Ehrlichiosis is a flu-like disease that is closely related to Anaplasmosis. It is also spread by ticks.
Flinders Island Spotted Fever Flinders Island spotted fever is caused by Rickettsia honei and the disease occurs mainly in southeast and south Asia and also in Australia.
H5N1 Bird Flu Influenza A virus - subtype H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza. The only way of transmission to humans is from birds.
Hepatitis A Hepatitis refers to a viral infection of the liver. Hepatitis A virus spreads through feces and usually occurs in areas with poor sanitation or hygiene.
Hepatitis B Hepatitis refers to a viral infection of the liver. Hepatitis B virus spreads via blood, sexual contact or from mother to child.
HPS HPS - Hantavirus Pulmonary syndrome is a serious viral respiratory disease caused by hantaviruses spread by rodents.
Influenza A Influenza, commonly known as ‘the flu’, is a common infectious disease caused by the influenza virus family.
Intestinal Crypto Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites named Cryptosporidium. It affects the digestive apparatus and also the respiratory system.
Japanese Spotted Fever Japanese spotted fever occurs mainly in warm areas along the Pacific side of southwest and central Japan. The disease is caused by Rickettsia japonica, transmitted via a tick bite.
Lassa Fever Also known as Lassa hemorrhagic fever is caused by the Lassa virus that is spread specifically by African rats.
Legionnaires disease Legionnaires disease is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. The disease develops into a severe form of pneumonia, transmitting through person to person. Untreated Legionnaires diseases are usually fatal.
Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by bacteria Leptospira and it is typically spread by rodents.
Lyme Disease Lyme disease is caused by the bite of a deer tick or back-legged tick. It can transfer a bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, which directly causes disease.
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Lymphocytic choriomeningitis is a rodent-borne viral infectious disease caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, spread commonly by house mice.
Malaria Malaria is a tropical infectious disease caused by parasites from the plasmodium group. It is spread via infected mosquito bites.
Marburg Marburg virus disease is a severe disease that affects humans and non-human primates, caused by either of two marburgviruses - Marburg virus and Ravn virus.
Melioidosis Melioidosis, also called Whitmore’s disease is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and it is transmitted by both animals and contaminated soil or water.
MERS MERS - Middle East respiratory syndrome, also known as Camel flu, is a highly contagious viral respiratory infection caused by MERS-coronavirus.
Mumps Mumps also known as Parotitis, is an inflammatory, infectious disease affecting the parotid glands (on one or on both sides of the head). The inflammation is caused by bacterial or viral agents. It is best prevented by vaccination.
Nipah Virus Infection Nipah virus infection is a serious and potentially fatal disease, caused by an RNA virus in the genus Henipavirus. It spreads between people and can also transmit from animals to humans.

Norovirus Norovirus, also called winter vomiting bug is a highly contagious virus that causes diarrhea and vomiting. People that are infected can shed billions of norovirus particles.
Pacific Coast Tick Fever Bacterial disease caused by Rickettsia philipii, spread by Pacific coast tick.
Pertussis Pertussis also known as Whooping Cough is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. Before the development of a vaccine, pertussis was considered a childhood disease. Now it affects people whose immunedefense is weakened.
Pneumonic Plague Pneumonic plague is one of the three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is spread by infected fleas living on small animals. The pneumonic form causes a pulmonary infection
Pulmonary anthrax Anthrax is serious infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It is spread through the bacteria’s spores. Contact is made typically by inhaling or eating the spores or through skin lesions.
Q - Fever Q fever is a disease caused by Coxiella burnetti and it is spread by various animals like cattle, sheep, goats, cats and dogs. The bacterium is an intracellular parasite, capable of growth and reproduction inside the hosts cells.
Queensland Tick Typhus The etiologic agent of Queensland tick typhus is bacteria Rickettsia australis. The disease occurs only in Eastern Australia, including Tasmania.
Rabies Rabies is a deadly virus spread by saliva of infected animals. Transmission is often through animal bites.
Rat-bite fever Rat-bite fever is an acute febrile disease caused by bacteria transmitted by rodents, particularly by their urine or mucous secretions.
Relapsing Fever Relapsing fever is an infectious vectro-borne disease, caused by a group of bacteria in the genus Borelia and it is transmitted via bites of lice or soft-bodied ticks.
Respiratory Crypto Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites named Cryptosporidium. It affects the respiratory system and also the digestive tract.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus HRSV - also known as Human orthopneumovirus is a syncytial virus causing respiratory infections.
Rickettsialpox Rickettsialpox is a mite-borne infectious disease caused by Rickettsia akari, that is spread by mites usually living on house mice.
Rift Valley Fever Rift Valley fever is a viral disease, caused by RVF virus that is transmitted via animal body fluids.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Bacterial disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, spread by various species of ticks (american dog tick, rocky mountain wood tick, brown dog tick).
Rotavirus A Rotavirus A is very contagious and causes watery diarrhea. The best prevention is vaccination.
SARS SARS - Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a viral respiratory disease caused by the SARS coronavirus.
Septicemic Plague Septicemic plague is one of the three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis. Septicemic plague is spread by infected fleas living on small animals. It is the rarest of all three forms, typically infecting the blood.
TIBOLA Tick-borne lymphadenopathy is a tick-borne rickettsiosis relatively common in central Europe and casued by Rickettsia slovaca.
Tick-borne encephalitis Tick-borne encephalitis is a viral tick-borne infectious disease involving brain and central nervous system.
Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Symptoms are similar to the common flu. The parasite is spread through undercooked food and exposure to cat's feces.
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis of the lungs is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis affecting mainly lungs, but it can spread to other organs such as the brain.
Tularaemia Tularaemia is an infectious disease that mainly affects the skin, eyes, lymph nodes or lungs. It is caused by the Francisella tularensis bacteria. Tulareamia is highly contagious, potentially fatal, but can be treated effectively.
Typhoid fever Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease that spreads through contaminated water and food. It is rare in industrialized countries.
Typhus fever Important not to be confused with Typhoid fever. Typhus is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia Typhi, transmitted through various types of fleas. Typhus was first described in 1528. It has a sudden onset of various symptoms comparable to the common flu.
Valley Fever Valley fever, also called Coccidioidomycosis, is an infection caused by fungus Coccidioides that lives in the soil of the southwestern US, Mexico and central and South America.
West Nile Fever West Nile fever is an infection caused by the West Nile virus, the disease is spread by infected mosquitos. Most people do not develop any symptoms.
Yellow Fever Yellow fever is a tropical viral disease that is spread by the bite of an infected female mosquito. It is caused by yellow fever virus, enveloped RNA virus of the family Flaviridae.
Zika Fever Zika fever is tropical disease caused by Zika virus and it is spread by the Aedes mosquitos.

Traumatology[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis Description
Abdominal Ballistic Wound Ballistic trauma caused by high-velocity flying projectile ending up with complex skeletal, vascular, and nerve injuries with large soft tissue defects - affecting patient's abdomen.
Abdominal Blast Trauma Blast injury is a complex type of physical trauma resulting from direct or indirect exposure to an explosion.
Abdominal Shattered Wound Polytraumatic penetration of an object that pierces the skin and enters the body, with heavy damage to all neighboring structures and organs.
Abdominal Stab Wound Stab wound is a specific form of penetrating trauma to the skin that results from a knife or a similar pointed object.
Arm Ballistic Wound Ballistic trauma caused by a high-velocity flying projectile resulting in complex skeletal, vascular and nerve injuries with large soft tissue defects affecting patient's upper limb.
Arm Shattered Wound Polytraumatic penetration of an object that pierces the skin and enters the body, with heavy damage to all neighboring structures and organs.
Chemical Arm Burn Chemical burn caused by contact with acid, base or oxidizer that can cause extensive tissue damage.
Chemical Torso Burn Chemical burn caused by contact with acid, base or oxidizer that can cause extensive tissue damage.
Copperhead Snake Bite Bite of a venomous snake.
Hepatosplenic Laceration Occurs when an object pierces the body and tears the liver and the spleen simultaneously.
High Voltage Burn Electrical burn is a result of electricity passing through the body. Unlike visible thermal or chemical burns it causes more sub-dermal damage.
Leg Ballistic Wound Ballistic trauma caused by a high-velocity flying projectile resulting in complex skeletal, vascular and nerve injuries with large soft tissue defects
Leg Shattered Wound Polytraumatic penetration of an object that pierces the skin and enters the body, with heavy damage to all neighboring structures and organs.
Low Voltage Burn Electrical burn is a result of electricity passing through the body. Unlike visible thermal or chemical burns it causes more sub-dermal damage.
Microwave Burn Burn injury caused by microwave radiation. Unlike other radiation burns, microwave radiation damage is caused by heat.
Mild Hand Frostbite Mild form of frostbite localized on patient's hands.
Mild Leg Frostbite Mild form of frostbite localized on patient's legs
Neck Ballistic Wound Ballistic trauma caused by a high-velocity flying projectile resulting in complex skeletal, vascular and nerve injuries with large soft tissue defects affecting patient’s neck area.
Neck Shattered Wound Polytraumatic penetration of an object that pierces the skin and enters the body, with heavy damage to all neighboring structures and organs.
Pulmonary Laceration Penetrating trauma caused serious damage to patient's lungs.
Radiation Dermatitis Radiation dermatitis, also known as X-ray dermatitis, is a side effect of radiation therapy.
Rattlesnake Bite Snakebites typically have two puncture wounds from the fangs. Identification of the snake species and providing the correct antivenom is an urgent task.
Severe Hand Frostbite Severe form of frostbite localized on patient's hands.
Severe Leg Frostbite Severe form of frostbite localized on patient's legs.
Severe Thermal Burn Signs of severe thermal burn.
Splenopancreatic Laceration Occurs when an object pierces the body and tears the pancreas and the spleen simultaneously.
Struck by Lightning A rare injury caused by direct or indirect hit by a lightning strike.
Sunburn Red painful skin that appears after overexposure to the ultraviolet light either from sunshine or from artificial sources.
Thermal Leg Burn Thermal burns are caused by contact with a heated object or a liquid.
Thermal Leg Burn Thermal burns are caused by contact with a heated object or a liquid.
Thermal Arm Burn Thermal burns are caused by contact with a heated object or a liquid.
Thoracic Blast Trauma Blast injury is a complex type of physical trauma resulting from direct or indirect exposure to an explosion.
Thoracic Gunshot Wound Physical trauma caused by a bullet from a firearm penetrating patient’s thorax.
Thoracic Stab Wound Stab wound is a specific form of penetrating trauma to the skin that results from a knife or a similar pointed object.
Upper Abdomen Gunshot Wound Physical trauma caused by a bullet from a firearm - penetrating in patient’s upper abdomen.
Venomous Spider Bite Bites of venomous spiders create tiny red bumps that are sometimes painful and itchy. The injected poison can also cause more severe symptoms.

Ear, Nose and Throat[edit | edit source]

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Oncology[edit | edit source]

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Plastic Surgery[edit | edit source]

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Sexual Health[edit | edit source]

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Gynecology and Obstetrics[edit | edit source]

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Urology and Nephrology[edit | edit source]

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